Grand Duchy of Tuscany Introduction Medici Period Foundation Francesco and Ferdinando I Cosimo II and Ferdinando II Cosimo III The last years of the Medici House of Habsburg-Lorraine Francis Stephen Reform Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Bala, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. Tuscany, Under the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, flourished in its Austrian connections at the cost of tense Italian relations, Located in central Italy. Routledge: 1997. He was forced out by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, first in spring 1799 when a jacobin provisional government was created by the French army, and then after the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), becoming instead Elector of Salzburg, ruling the territory of the former archbishopric. The Cambridge Modern History Collection features all five original volumes: Volume I: The Renaissance Volume II: The Reformation, the End of the Middle . The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. It established a revolutionary commune. Over the ages, even if Fiorentine trade fell, culture continued on a high peak. Cosimo III's reign was characterised by drastic changes and a sharp decline of the Grand Duchy. The representatives of the Grand Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. In March 1809 a "General Government of the Departments of Tuscany" was set up, and Napoleon Bonaparte put his sister Elisa Bonaparte at its head, with the title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. After Napoleon's downfall in 1814, Tuscany was restored to its Habsburg Grand Dukes. Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23January 1774, the legge sui pazzi (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. Leopold was succeeded by Ferdinand III. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. [8], The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. last representative of Tuscany in the United States was G.B. On 22 March 1860, after a referendum that voted overwhelmingly (95%) in favour of a union with Sardinia; Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia. A few years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the Bonifacio. In 1803, the first King of Etruria, Louis I, died and was succeeded by his infant son, Charles Louis, under the regency of his mother, Queen Mara Luisa. Etruria lasted less than a decade. Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. The Golden Florin was made, the first gold-based coin made on great quantities since the Byzantine 7th century coins, enough to play a significant roll on commerce on the trade routes based on Florence. Married Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 - 1792) daughter of Charles III (1716 - 1788) King of Spain. [54] The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. [17], Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. By the Treaty of Fontainebleau (27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by France. Neither of Cosimo's two sons was a suitable heir; Ferdinando was an alcoholic and epileptic, while his younger son, Gian Gastone, according to historian Paul Strathern, was not appropriate material[clarification needed] for the role of sovereign. The Second Austro-Sardinian war broke out in the summer of 1859. Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut (with Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). [1] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. The administrative structure of the grand duchy itself would see little change under FrancisI. [7], In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. Despite giving recognition to the U.S., the Duchy refused to recognize American consular agents posted in Florence. In 1823, President James Monroe named Ombrosi as consul, but it was not until Tuscany became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 that the host government formally recognized the U.S. Consul General in Florence. The constitution was revoked in 1852. Although the artistic development on Tuscany became less and less, Tuscany started becoming more and more powerful. trade abroad and to ensure that American vessels, both public and private, F. Mansony, G.B. Meanwhile, the state's capital, Florence, had become full of beggars. Therefore, Tuscan recognition [50], Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23January 1774, the legge sui pazzi (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. [4][5] The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce Leopold felt obliged to espouse Austria's cause. The Catholic Republic of Sicily annexed Palermo and surrounding areas, which would be claimed by the Emirate of Sicily by 1960. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. Its sovereignty was restored in 1814, when Marie Louise (Napoleon's wife) ruled it as a Duchess until her death. U.S. the duchy of Capistrano and Citta di Penna in the kingdom of Naples. Leopold himself died in 1792. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. Propose any changes to the talk page. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. necessity in order to maintain trade and commercial ties. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in Silesia during the Seven Years' War. In 1643, during the Castro War, the Tuscan army was between 5,000 and 10,000 good troops, including foreign mercenaries but not including militia. It formally created a hereditary monarchy, abolished the age-old signoria (elective government) and the office of gonfaloniere (titular ruler of Florence elected for a two-month term); in their place was the consigliere, a four-man council elected for a three-month term, headed by the "Duke of the Florentine Republic" (and later the Grand Duke of Tuscany). Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792, King of Hungary, Archduke of Austria as Leopold II.Second son of Francis Stephen of Lorraine (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor. Among the commanders of the detachment were three of the grand duke's brothers; two died and one, Mattias de'Medici, became general of artillery and served for a decade. Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent of the Secretaries of State, Travels of Great publishing were made, such as Niccol Machiavelli's the Prince, and the many pieces of the finest artwork by Tuscan artists, such as Michelangelo and Da Vinci. Florence was rebuilt in 59 B.C.E as a settlement for veterans, named Florentia. It was only with Austrian assistance that Leopold could return to Florence. [69], Tuscany's economic and military strength cratered from the second half of the 17th century onward, which was reflected in the quality of its army; by 1740 it only consisted of a few thousand poorly-trained men and was considered impotent to such a degree that its Habsburgs rulers allowed enemy troops to cross the duchy unopposed.[70]. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the United States formally recognized each other in 1794, but never formally established diplomatic relations. The Government of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany refused to recognize After the fall of that empire it successively belonged to the Goths and Lombards, by the last . An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques Franois Menou. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "Cosimo I | duke of Florence and Tuscany [15191574]", "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico", "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Soon after the Romans conquered Eturia, Rome built new cities, such as Lucca, Pisa, Siena, and Florence. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. The Etruscans were the most powerful nation on Italy until the rise of Rome. Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. However, it had remained within NATO with the hope of getting territories from the until-then richest nation of Italy, Lombardy. Releases, Administrative Yves-Marie Berce figures that most of those troops were of French or Swiss origin, but Hanlon disputes this, saying that Italians comprised a larger portion, and that the specific origins of the troops have very little information to go on. Tuscany was divided into two main administrative districts: the stato nuovo (the new state) consisting of the former Republic of Siena, and the stato vecchio (the old state), the old Republic of Florence and her dependencies. Among the commanders of the detachment were three of the grand duke's brothers; two died and one, Mattias de'Medici, became general of artillery and served for a decade. Like his uncle, Francesco I, government held no appeal for him, and Tuscany was ruled by his ministers. [30] The exchequer was barely adequate to cover the state's current expenditure, resulting in a complete termination of banking operations for the Medici. The Continental Congress terminated Izzard's mission on June 8, 1779, once it became clear the Duchy would not recognize the United States. Login Store Home Discovery Queue Wishlist Points Shop News Stats [64], In response to the Trkenkriege during the Long Turkish War starting in 1593, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany sent 100,000 scudi and 3,600 soldiers (3,000 infantry and 600 cavalry) to support the Holy Roman Emperor in Hungary, plus smaller detachments thereafter (there were 2,000 Tuscans in the Imperial army in Hungary by 1601). Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology, and had several hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Pitti. Great Britain. [65] A Tuscan-Spanish treaty that bound the two at the end of the Italian Wars demanded that Tuscany send 5,000 troops to the Spanish army if ever Lombardy or Naples was attacked. Only 1 was captured after 1635. As it was the most progressive and tolerant nation on Italy, many scientists, artists and other famous people such as the famous royalist Benito Mussolini, the inventor of nuclear energy Enrico Fermi, and other. In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the Monferrato. Before the Roman times, the area of today's Tuscany was called Eturia, because of the Etruscan culture. House of Commons , The Papal Bull that created the Grand Duchy, Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany&oldid=1133636430, States and territories established in 1569, States and territories established in 1814, States and territories established in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1801, States and territories disestablished in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1860, 1569 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1801 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1815 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1859 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Articles containing Italian-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 20:19. Description. Upon arrival, he abdicated in favour of his elder son, Ferdinand. Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. family of Piedmont-Sardinia as the new ruling monarchs of Italy. The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. Related: Grand Duchy of Tuscany - Kingdom of Sardinia - Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia - Duchy of Lucca The first representative appointed by the American government to Tuscany was Giacomo Ombrosi, who was serving at his post in Florence as Vice Consular, was accredited on May 15, 1819. [30] The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Francis was reluctant to resign the duchy, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (Maria Theresa's father) stated that if he didn't relinquish his rights to Lorraine, he could not marry Maria Theresa. The U.S. established a consular The grand duchy had two sources of naval power: the state navy and the Order of Saint Stephen. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and hog-spears, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. He used his skill at choosing collaborators to put a young physician, Vincenzo Chiarugi, at its head. The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. Siena was ruled by a governor appointed by the grand duke. Tuscany's economy is very varied, ranged from wine-making to heavy industry, passing through tourism, food industry, mining and tourism. Franklin, John The administrative structure of the grand duchy itself would see little change under FrancisI. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. From 1560 to 1609, the Tuscan fleet captured 76 galiots, 7 galleys, 2 large roundships, and 67 minor craft, taking 9,620 slaves and liberating 2,076 Christians. A lot of technology and development was brought there. the entire peninsula. Department of State, U.S. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany also knows as Tuscany or Etruria, is a country in central italy it shares border with the State of The Church, Most serene Republic of Lucca and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio . Hanlon considers the report overly optimistic, but with some basis in fact. He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and hog-spears, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. (Livorno). He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. The grand duke Leopold II agreed to ratify a liberal constitution in 1848. Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. On one moment, a revolution started on Florence itself. List of Prime Ministers of the United States of America (A United Kingdom of Scandinavia), Atheism, Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism. At the end of it, a great revolt of cotton workers, called the Ciompi Revolt, happened. CosimoI died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. The two areas were governed by separate laws. Leopold's concept of this was based on respect for the political rights of citizens and on a harmony of power between the executive and the legislative. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. On July9 1737, Gian Gastone died; the last male Medici of the Grand Ducal line. The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza joined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy in December 1859, and merged with the Kingdom of Sardinia into the Kingdom of Italy in March 1860 after holding a referendum. the Secretary of State, Travels of It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. Although the artistic development on Tuscany became less and less, Tuscany started becoming more and more powerful. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. [26], Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology, and had several hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Pitti. Ferdinand aligned Tuscany with Austria.[54]. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. Date/Time From 1553 to 1559, Tuscany raised 30,000 troops for their participation in the Last Italian War, which saw the Republic of Siena being added to the duchy. However, Maximilian eventually confirmed the elevation with an Imperial diploma in 1576. [6], Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Information, United States Department of 1816-1850, Current This expedition was less successful, costing 800 men and 4 ships disabled. Soderini was deposed on 1512, when Cardinal Giovanni de Medici entered Florence with Papal troops. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. Hanlon considers the report overly optimistic, but with some basis in fact. Tuscany is the Etruria of the ancients. Department, Buildings of the Benito Mussolini was made Chief of the Congress, and he conceded much more power to the Dux of Tuscany. It lists some 238 vessels captured from 1563 to 1688; enemy galleys captured from 1568 to 1599 were 11 (for the loss of an identical number), and another 17 were seized between 1602 and 1635. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1815 to 1847. Historical flags and coat of arms [ edit] State Flags 1545-1731 (Farnese) 1815-1847 Duchy of Tuscany in the United States continued to be consular officers. Tuscany, Benjamin Ferdinand was the son of the incumbent Grand Duke, and Grand Duchess Maria Louisa. Cosimo married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. St.Minias was Florence's first martyr on 250 C.E during Decius' anti-Christian persecutions. Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. Ministers Plenipotentiary Benjamin The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. [56] On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. 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