[493] The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline,[494] remains a significant social issue. [95] The reign of his son AlexanderIII (18811894) was less liberal but more peaceful. [391] Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the Fields Medal. [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [43] This occurred in spite of the fact that Saint Petersburg, the Western-oriented capital created by the "Westernizing" Tsar Peter the Great, being the capital of the Russian Empire for over 200 years. [269], Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states. [citation needed], The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St.Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether the preceding consonant is palatalized. Earlier, Crump illustrated the Russian perspective on the radio show Nieuwsweekend (5 February). [167] The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social servicesthe birth rate plummeted while the death rate skyrocketed,[168][169] and millions plunged into poverty;[170] while extreme corruption,[171] as well as criminal gangs and organised crime rose significantly. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks. [84] Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. [226] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of 71.2C or 96.2F),[219] and more moderate winters elsewhere. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. [509], Russia has eightpublic, patriotic, and religiousofficial holidays. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. [105] In the aftermath of signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that concluded hostilities with the Central Powers of World WarI; Bolshevist Russia surrendered most of its western territories, which hosted 34% of its population, 54% of its industries, 32% of its agricultural land, and roughly 90% of its coal mines. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. [61] When the seat of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church moved to Moscow in 1325, its influence increased. "[201] The European Commission announced its support for the efforts to create an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russia's crimes in the same month and permanently seize all assets held by Russia and its oligarchs to compensate Ukraine. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. - , Weekly 329 330 14 27 2008. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. [375], Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force. [497][498] The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music,[499] ballet,[500] sport,[501] painting,[502] and cinema. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. [41], According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. [citation needed], The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [199] Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely denounced as illegal, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19thcentury, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov ( ), Nikolai Gogol ( ), Aleksander Griboyedov ( ), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech. After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. [568] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. [512] International Women's Day on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. [16][d] It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. ? WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. See also Russian language in Israel. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. [42] It is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a "hard target" language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in U.S. world policy. [446], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the Middle East, most significantly through military intervention in the Syrian civil war. [328] During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has set up filtration camps where many Ukrainians are subjected to abuses and forcibly sent to Russia; the camps have been compared to those used in the Chechen Wars. [326][327] Chechens and Ingush in Russian prisons reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups. Russia's national symbol, the double-headed eagle, dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in its coat of arms and heraldry. [citation needed], Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. Ranked worldwide, the Russian economy stands at the ninth-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by GDP (PPP). [457][458] The amendments of 2020 to the constitution added, in the Article 67, the continuity of the Russian state in history based on preserving "the memory of the ancestors" and general "ideals and belief in God" which the ancestors conveyed. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. [514], Victory Day, which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe, is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow's Red Square;[515] and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event. [citation needed], In terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian past, present, and future and each verb has two aspects (perfective and imperfective). [527], In the 1860s, a group of critical realists (Peredvizhniki), led by Ivan Kramskoy, Ilya Repin and Vasiliy Perov broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings. [350], Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. [44] The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. . . . [183] Putin won a second presidential term in 2004. [626] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losseshowever, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The Russian perspective. [116] The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. [613], There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are TASS, RIA Novosti, Sputnik, and Interfax. WebOn This Day. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. The current krais are not related to frontiers. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. O'Brien, New EnglishRussian and RussianEnglish Dictionary (New Orthography), New York, The Language Library 1944, Dover Publications. [51] School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, but as of 2019 promises have been given that such schools will remain open in the near future. This article incorporates text from a free content work. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [540] In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. ", "June 27, 1954: World's First Nuclear Power Plant Opens", "Arable land (% of land area) Russian Federation", "System Shock: Russia's War and Global Food, Energy, and Mineral Supply Chains", Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing", "The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict", "Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? [292] In 2021 it was the world's second-largest arms exporter, and had a large and entirely indigenous defence industry, producing most of its own military equipment. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. [285], The Russian Armed Forces are divided into the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forcesand there are also two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Airborne Troops. [38] The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. [271] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era. [199], The European Parliament designated Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and as a state that "uses means of terrorism" in November 2022, citing attacks against civilians, war crimes, and atrocities. [78], The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. [404] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. [citation needed]. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The phoneme /ts/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as and some other neologisms contain /ts/ through the word-building processes (e.g. [159], By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. [49] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. proposes special tribunal to investigate Russian crimes in Ukraine", "The EU wants a court to probe Russian war crime claims. [citation needed], The political upheavals of the early 20th century and the wholesale changes of political ideology gave written Russian its modern appearance after the spelling reform of 1918. "" (XI-XII )", "Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe", "Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave", "Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid", "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia", "New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia)", "Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers", "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population", "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians", "1998 NOVA documentary: "Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden", "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe", Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, "Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia", "Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast", "Who really discovered Antarctica? [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. [179] High budget deficits coupled with increasing capital flight and inability to pay back debts, caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis, which resulted in a further GDP decline. The Federal Assembly | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 7. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. 2 mins. [340] In 2019, the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to be 60% of the country's GDP. . . [516] Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union;[517] and Unity Day on 4 November, commemorating the 1612 uprising which marked the end of the Polish occupation of Moscow. Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). [479] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. 116 ] the continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the field of evolutionary biology for his in. `` Chapter 7 of anti-communist forces Soviet era of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers war crime russian gypsy last names differentiation after. 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